AP U.S History, Summary’s of all 32 chapters.

Chapter 1: The New World Encounters

Talks about how the new world which is now called the United States was found. There were many settlers came to what known as America with the mentality of civilizes the uncivilized. Animal extinction, caused by hunting and global warming killed of many Indians Societies before settlers kill them off by diseases, war, and over population.

The Columbia exchange was how the Indians introduced potatoes and corn to European in exchange for diseases/death.  The death of so many Indians led to slavery. Because the indentured servants couldn’t do it/ failed to work. The English were the least likely to intermarry or just accept Indians.

Before the Muslims traded slaves to the America, they were sent to the Middle East. The Portuguese started the slave trade in America by getting cheap labor for their sugar plantations. For a minute the Europeans tried to stay in Africa to control them, but they were dying from Africans diseases. Last but not least The Reformation divided Kingdoms, started bloody war and unleashed an extraordinary flood of religious publication. English settler moved to Ireland. English interest in the new world had revived.

Vocabulary:

Agriculture Revolution- the gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred worldwide from 7000to9000 year ago. This transition resulted in sedentary living, population growth, and established of permanent villages.

Columbian Exchange- the exchange of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between Europe and the Americans from first contact throughout the era of exploration.

Renaissance- a cultural awakening that began in italy and spread throughout Europe in the fifteenth centuries. This powerful humanistic movement encourage creativity and a spirit of inquiry and brought forth new forms of artistic expression and political theory.

Conquistadores- sixteenth-century Spanish adventures, often of noble birth, who subdued the native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the new world.

Treaty of Tordesillas-treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 to resolve competing land claims of spain and Portugal in the new world.

Protesestant Reformation-

Predestination

Chapter 2: New world experiments: England’s of the seventeenth-century colonies

There were different groups of English settlers that established many different colonies in North America. Some Englishmen migrated to North America which was also known as the new world, for economic reasons, religious, land, or to avoid conflict. Such as a bad marriage (it was very hard to get a devoice), or wars.

The English had two colonies that they established around the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia and Maryland. In Virginia tobacco was a commercial crop, later on it became the key to success. Maryland was established as a religious sanctuary for persecuted Catholics from England. Last but not least freeman status was granted in Massachusetts Bay for males (adult) who were church members.

Vocabulary:

Glorious Revolution

Joint-stock company

House of Burgesses

Headright

Indentured Servants

Mayflower Compact

Puritans

Antinomianism

Quakers

Chapter 3: Putting down roots: Opportunity and Oppression in colonial society

Chapter 3 talks about how in Salem, charges of witchcrafts caused turmoil in the late seventeenth century. The Chesapeake has a much higher mortality rate then New England. Elementary school was open in the townships if there were fifteen or more families, with the support of local taxes. New England daily lives was to conduct, village meetings, militia training, last but not least church related activities.

The northern, middle, and southern English colonies had many differences. The northern colonies were all about religious when the middle and southern was all about making money. The south had better land so they had more ability to focus on agriculture. The north was diverse, and focuses on religion, and family. That’s were the puritans and pilgrims went.

Vocabulary:

Mercantilism

Navigation Acts

Enumerated goods

Bacons Rebellion

Spectral evidence

Leisler’s Rebellion

Chapter 4: Experience of Empire Eighteenth- Century America

Chapter 4 talks about how the population expanded in the eighteenth century. One half of the population was under the age of 16. The scotch-Irish was the largest group of white non-English immigrants. There were many other large groups that immigrated to America. Mainly because of potato, families, and persecution by the church of England. Most of the growth was because of the natural reproduction of colonies families.

The Great Awaking, intercolonial trade, and the rise of the colonial assemblies all contributed to a growing sense of shared identity among the colonists. Benjamin Franklin saw a need for intercolonial cooperation. He was also responsible for authoring the Albany plan. This was a bold proposal for a grand council to oversee matters of defense, expansion and Indian affairs, which also include a taxation proposal.

Vocabulary:

Backcountry

Enlightenment

Great Awakening

Itinerant preachers

Albany plan

Seven years war

Chapter 5: The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763-1783

Chapter 5 was about Americans rebelling against the English rule. Many fled to America because they felt a loyalty to the British crown while the seven war was going on. Those that fled also went to several other countries like Canada, England, and the West Indies. Over 100,000 left, they were spread throughout the colonies. Also many remained silent throughout the war.

The relationship between England internal political problems, and the loss of its colonial empire in America, was that the exchequer was empty. There were many other proposals. The Boston tea party was taken in place, which soon after led to the coercive acts and all America rebellion. After all of this the independence was declared. The Americans finally won the military struggle against the British.

Vocabulary:

Whigs

Parliamentary sovereignty

Virtual representation

Stamp Act Congress

Boston Massacre

Committee of correspondence

Coercive Acts

First Continental Congress

Second Continental Congress

Common Sense

Chapter 6: The Republican Experiment

Revolution mentality caused many to consider the role of equality in society. Republicans tried to eliminate much privilege and make society more equal. They lowered property requirements, and separate church and state. Religious people, black achievers, republicans encourage more to push for abolishing slavery. Blacks were not seen (if freed) as equals.

Women demand husband be more involved with kids and fair to the family (equal). Government reflecting regional ties constructed state constitutions. There was reflected distrust of power of British government. Also there was little power for governors but freedom of speech, religion, press. The Article of Confederation had weak central government no taxes, and was power less. There were huge depts. To be paid (Shays Rebellion).

Vocabulary:

Republicanism

Natural rights

Articles of Confederation

Northwest Ordinance

Nationalists

Shay’s Rebellion

Virginia plan

Antifederalist

The Federalist

Bill of rights

Chapter 7: Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics 1788-1800

Americans divide into two groups the Federalists and the Republicans. By the emergence of political parties in the 1790’s had some good and bad consequences for the nation. But there was one thing that was never in dispute were in search of what was good for the republic. The reason this came about (Federalists and Republicans) was because the different conceptions about the government and society, economic policy, foreign affiliation, and interpretation of the Constitution. There were many problems or should I say domestic situations.

Vocabulary:

Chapter 8: Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision

       Jeffersonian wanted peaceful foreign relations, and reduction of the size and power to force the embargo. Jefferson came along and helps out a lot he interpreted the Constitution broadly to accommodate the Louisiana Purchase, increased federal power to enforce the embargo of 1807, and led the country to the brink of war. Jefferson accomplished most of his goals; he made a reduction of the federal bureaucracy, taxes, military spending. He also reduce the size of the army

       The war of 1812 was a war between Britain and the United States. The United States justifications for the war included British violations of American maritime rights. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war. After the treaty of Ghent, however the, Americans came gradually to realize they had nothing further to fear from Europe, and in era of peace.

Chapter 9: Nation Building and Nationalism

       After the war of 1812 it caused a need for nation building. Farm productivity went from low-profit to high-profit staple farming in regional concentrations. Demand for money caused the number of state and private banks to proliferate. The surge of a market economy, encourage new industrial development. The great federal transportation project was the building of the national roads.

        Between 1815 and 1824, the United States grew in size and population. The canals proved to be an unprofitable means for transportation, when the canal building boom of the 1820s and 1830s ended. The development of profitable commercial farming resulted from, the available of good land and the revolution in marketing.

Chapter 10: The Triumph of White Men Democracy

      Democracy at first contained dangerous impulse, but by the 1820s and 1830s the term had become more acceptable to American institutions. Andrew Jackson’s was a success of democracy. The native American was denied states the right to take their tribal lands. People figured that Native Americans should be removed areas far away from white expansion. The supremacy of democracy in the United States was the development of universal manhood suffrage. The voter participation in elections increased.

Chapter 11: Slaves and Masters

         In the nineteenth century, a group of whites went over to Africa and took over millions of Africans. Brought them back to the U.S (south), and made them slaves. The old south was divided by race and economic class, it was held together only by a common economy and culture. The slaves created a rich and religious culture with just themselves. They (European) had the slaves doing all kinds of work, farming, planting, working on plantations, fields, etc. yeoman are farmers of the south that was proud and self-reliant.

       Southern proslavery arguments didn’t mention the belief, that slavery was mandated by the United States constition. The master- slave relationship was more humane than employer- worker because it afforded greater long term security. One quarter of white southerners owned slaves. The civil war came about to free slaves, the north against the south. The north won and slaves were freed, but they weren’t being treated equally.

Chapter 12: The Pursuit of the Perfection

     There was social and economic in the nineteenth century that sometimes led confusion last but not least moral reform. There were changes in the American families such as mothers became more important to society, and gained power (home). As a reform effort, the temperance movement became a serious social problem. Because males were seen as losing self-control due to drinking alcohol (was very cheep). The second Great Awakening began on the southern frontier, in Kentucky in 1801.

Chapter 13: An Age of Expansionism

     A mood known as the young Americans emerged around the 1840s. Promoted territorial, economic expansion, and development of the United States. BUt had little concern of the practical consequences. The Americans moved far west between the 1830s-40s. The Manifest Destiny was based on the belief that god was on the side of American expansionism. New technologies was aided internal expansion, such as railroads, telegraph, etc. factories started to move up, first the use of textile industry, then expanded to industries producing shoes, firearms, etc.

Chapter 14: The Sectional Crisis

    The north really wasn’t too heavy about slavery. The northern states didn’t like slavery, and want nothing to do with it. So with the southern being a slave state and didn’t have any problems with it. Since the federal government had only the right to abolish the international slave trade, but no power to regulate or destroy the institution of slavery where it already existed.

       Led to a big battlefield, the only thing that held the country together was fragile coalition. The compromise of 1850 abolished the slave trade in District of Columbia. The Wilmot proviso sought to ban slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico. Because of popular sovereignty, settlers would determine whether a territory would have slavery. This is a way to avoid a vote where congressmen would be on record for voting for or against slavery. So basically this what led to the civil war?

Chapter 15: Secession and The civil war

     The civil war has now started (a war against the north and south). President Lincoln had a initial policy toward the confederacy they are, 1) a cautious and limited use of force, 2) a strategy of inactivity to buy time to resolve the conflict, 3) a strategy designed to make the confederacy look like the designed aggressor if war occurred, 4) a strategy designed to avoid any hostile action toward the south by the north. In order for the north or south win the war, they would need to have active and executive leadership. The north ended up winning the civil war, so they somewhat got what they wanted (only slaves in the confederacy was freed). But even then African Americans weren’t being treated equal. The civil war was a struggle to preserve the union.

Chapter16: The Agony of Reconstruction

     After the civil war there ear lots of damage that needed to be reconstructed, not just material wise, but also its economy, government, and freed African Americans. President Lincoln came up with the ten percent plan, provided that once 10 percent or more of the voting population of any occupied state had taken the oath. They were authorized to set up a loyal government (this was good for the African Americans). The republicans supported the amendments 13, 14, 15, and no slavery. But this was not a good thing the Jim Crow law, Black code, force Acts, etc. but the people who supported republicans got killed. Africans Americans would get killed by this group called the klu Klux Klan, they ware white sheets over their heads and would assonate them (blacks). The legacy of reconstruction for most African Americans was poverty and discrimination.

Chapter 17: The West: Exploiting an Empire

     The Americans wanted to expand (they believed that was their manifest destiny). All the members who went on a journey wanted to fulfill something. There were many plains tribes (Native Americans, divided themselves into many tribes). The government was to define boundaries for each tribe and sign treaties with them. The National Grange was to help provide isolated farms with social cultural activates. Those who moved west had exploitative interests, and building hasty. Railroads and population increased in the eastern United States stimulated the western cattle industry. The plains tribes were nomadic and warlike people. There were two different kinds the plains tribe and the eastern woodland. The both of them were different from each other. Eastern had organized societies, and the plains depended on the buffalo and horses, etc. the Great Plains were later referred as the Great American desert.

Chapter 18: The Industrial Society

     There were many industrial developments that led to the economic transformation that soon became a unique society. But there were several factor/things that needed to take place. For example there was a need for resources for materials, population for labor and markets, and so on. Men and women built the new industrial society, putting in at least ten hours a day, six days a week. All of this was determined by the production of steel. Railroads were a huge development in the society. Railroads had revolutionary changes in transportation, and communication. Which transformed American technology, billions of dollars was being spent to build railroads? The American federation of labor was the most important labor organization in the country.

Chapter 19: Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900

     In the late nineteenth century many people migrated to the United States. Mainly because of the hope of economic opportunity, and promise of a more exciting life. There was a social culture change. Technology seems as if it was taken a toll, it brought a variety of new forms of leisure and entertainment. Families became smaller (infant mortality declined), views about women also change. There were few hospitals and no hospital insurance (so if u gets sick then u will have to be taken care of at home). The Comstock Law legislated public morality. The common- law doctrine was to be revised to adapt to the changes of the period. The social Darwinists believe that the laws of nature applied to society.